Database Testing
- Introduction
- Generating Factories
- Resetting The Database After Each Test
- Writing Factories
- Using Factories
- Using Seeds
- Available Assertions
Introduction
Laravel provides a variety of helpful tools to make it easier to test your database driven applications. First, you may use the assertDatabaseHas
helper to assert that data exists in the database matching a given set of criteria. For example, if you would like to verify that there is a record in the users
table with the email
value of [email protected]
, you can do the following:
public function testDatabase(){ // Make call to application... $this->assertDatabaseHas('users', [ ]);}
You can also use the assertDatabaseMissing
helper to assert that data does not exist in the database.
The assertDatabaseHas
method and other helpers like it are for convenience. You are free to use any of PHPUnit's built-in assertion methods to supplement your feature tests.
Generating Factories
To create a factory, use the make:factory
Artisan command:
php artisan make:factory PostFactory
The new factory will be placed in your database/factories
directory.
The --model
option may be used to indicate the name of the model created by the factory. This option will pre-fill the generated factory file with the given model:
php artisan make:factory PostFactory --model=Post
Resetting The Database After Each Test
It is often useful to reset your database after each test so that data from a previous test does not interfere with subsequent tests. The RefreshDatabase
trait takes the most optimal approach to migrating your test database depending on if you are using an in-memory database or a traditional database. Use the trait on your test class and everything will be handled for you:
<?php namespace Tests\Feature; use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\WithoutMiddleware;use Tests\TestCase; class ExampleTest extends TestCase{ use RefreshDatabase; /** * A basic functional test example. * * @return void */ public function testBasicExample() { $response = $this->get('/'); // ... }}
Writing Factories
When testing, you may need to insert a few records into your database before executing your test. Instead of manually specifying the value of each column when you create this test data, Laravel allows you to define a default set of attributes for each of your Eloquent models using model factories. To get started, take a look at the database/factories/UserFactory.php
file in your application. Out of the box, this file contains one factory definition:
use Faker\Generator as Faker;use Illuminate\Support\Str; $factory->define(App\User::class, function (Faker $faker) { return [ 'name' => $faker->name, 'email' => $faker->unique()->safeEmail, 'email_verified_at' => now(), 'password' => '$2y$10$92IXUNpkjO0rOQ5byMi.Ye4oKoEa3Ro9llC/.og/at2.uheWG/igi', // password 'remember_token' => Str::random(10), ];});
Within the Closure, which serves as the factory definition, you may return the default test values of all attributes on the model. The Closure will receive an instance of the Faker PHP library, which allows you to conveniently generate various kinds of random data for testing.
You may also create additional factory files for each model for better organization. For example, you could create UserFactory.php
and CommentFactory.php
files within your database/factories
directory. All of the files within the factories
directory will automatically be loaded by Laravel.
You can set the Faker locale by adding a faker_locale
option to your config/app.php
configuration file.
Extending Factories
If you have extended a model, you may wish to extend its factory as well in order to utilize the child model's factory attributes during testing and seeding. To accomplish this, you may call the factory builder's raw
method to obtain the raw array of attributes from any given factory:
$factory->define(App\Admin::class, function (Faker\Generator $faker) { return factory(App\User::class)->raw([ // ... ]);});
Factory States
States allow you to define discrete modifications that can be applied to your model factories in any combination. For example, your User
model might have a delinquent
state that modifies one of its default attribute values. You may define your state transformations using the state
method. For simple states, you may pass an array of attribute modifications:
$factory->state(App\User::class, 'delinquent', [ 'account_status' => 'delinquent',]);
If your state requires calculation or a $faker
instance, you may use a Closure to calculate the state's attribute modifications:
$factory->state(App\User::class, 'address', function ($faker) { return [ 'address' => $faker->address, ];});
Factory Callbacks
Factory callbacks are registered using the afterMaking
and afterCreating
methods, and allow you to perform additional tasks after making or creating a model. For example, you may use callbacks to relate additional models to the created model:
$factory->afterMaking(App\User::class, function ($user, $faker) { // ...}); $factory->afterCreating(App\User::class, function ($user, $faker) { $user->accounts()->save(factory(App\Account::class)->make());});
You may also define callbacks for factory states:
$factory->afterMakingState(App\User::class, 'delinquent', function ($user, $faker) { // ...}); $factory->afterCreatingState(App\User::class, 'delinquent', function ($user, $faker) { // ...});
Using Factories
Creating Models
Once you have defined your factories, you may use the global factory
function in your feature tests or seed files to generate model instances. So, let's take a look at a few examples of creating models. First, we'll use the make
method to create models but not save them to the database:
public function testDatabase(){ $user = factory(App\User::class)->make(); // Use model in tests...}
You may also create a Collection of many models or create models of a given type:
// Create three App\User instances...$users = factory(App\User::class, 3)->make();
Applying States
You may also apply any of your states to the models. If you would like to apply multiple state transformations to the models, you should specify the name of each state you would like to apply:
$users = factory(App\User::class, 5)->states('delinquent')->make(); $users = factory(App\User::class, 5)->states('premium', 'delinquent')->make();
Overriding Attributes
If you would like to override some of the default values of your models, you may pass an array of values to the make
method. Only the specified values will be replaced while the rest of the values remain set to their default values as specified by the factory:
$user = factory(App\User::class)->make([ 'name' => 'Abigail',]);
Mass assignment protection is automatically disabled when creating models using factories.
Persisting Models
The create
method not only creates the model instances but also saves them to the database using Eloquent's save
method:
public function testDatabase(){ // Create a single App\User instance... $user = factory(App\User::class)->create(); // Create three App\User instances... $users = factory(App\User::class, 3)->create(); // Use model in tests...}
You may override attributes on the model by passing an array to the create
method:
$user = factory(App\User::class)->create([ 'name' => 'Abigail',]);
Relationships
In this example, we'll attach a relation to some created models. When using the create
method to create multiple models, an Eloquent collection instance is returned, allowing you to use any of the convenient functions provided by the collection, such as each
:
$users = factory(App\User::class, 3) ->create() ->each(function ($user) { $user->posts()->save(factory(App\Post::class)->make()); });
You may use the createMany
method to create multiple related models:
$user->posts()->createMany( factory(App\Post::class, 3)->make()->toArray());
Relations & Attribute Closures
You may also attach relationships to models in your factory definitions. For example, if you would like to create a new User
instance when creating a Post
, you may do the following:
$factory->define(App\Post::class, function ($faker) { return [ 'title' => $faker->title, 'content' => $faker->paragraph, 'user_id' => factory(App\User::class), ];});
If the relationship depends on the factory that defines it you may provide a callback which accepts the evaluated attribute array:
$factory->define(App\Post::class, function ($faker) { return [ 'title' => $faker->title, 'content' => $faker->paragraph, 'user_id' => factory(App\User::class), 'user_type' => function (array $post) { return App\User::find($post['user_id'])->type; }, ];});
Using Seeds
If you would like to use database seeders to populate your database during a feature test, you may use the seed
method. By default, the seed
method will return the DatabaseSeeder
, which should execute all of your other seeders. Alternatively, you pass a specific seeder class name to the seed
method:
<?php namespace Tests\Feature; use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\WithoutMiddleware;use OrderStatusesTableSeeder;use Tests\TestCase; class ExampleTest extends TestCase{ use RefreshDatabase; /** * Test creating a new order. * * @return void */ public function testCreatingANewOrder() { // Run the DatabaseSeeder... $this->seed(); // Run a single seeder... $this->seed(OrderStatusesTableSeeder::class); // ... }}
Available Assertions
Laravel provides several database assertions for your PHPUnit feature tests:
Method | Description |
---|---|
$this->assertDatabaseHas($table, array $data); |
Assert that a table in the database contains the given data. |
$this->assertDatabaseMissing($table, array $data); |
Assert that a table in the database does not contain the given data. |
$this->assertDeleted($table, array $data); |
Assert that the given record has been deleted. |
$this->assertSoftDeleted($table, array $data); |
Assert that the given record has been soft deleted. |
For convenience, you may pass a model to the assertDeleted
and assertSoftDeleted
helpers to assert the record was deleted or soft deleted, respectively, from the database based on the model's primary key.
For example, if you are using a model factory in your test, you may pass this model to one of these helpers to test your application properly deleted the record from the database:
public function testDatabase(){ $user = factory(App\User::class)->create(); // Make call to application... $this->assertDeleted($user);}